The United States is in the middle of a great wealth transfer. Folks who have built their wealth are now looking to help their children get a head start financially. As the next generation begins to accumulate wealth of their own, financial and wealth planning solutions and strategies also need to evolve. This article discusses strategies parents can use to assist the next generation with a financial head start that is beyond the typical direct gifting of cash.
Custodial Accounts
When a child is young, parents often open a custodial account on the child’s behalf, also known as either UTMA (Uniform Transfers to Minors Act) or UGMA (Uniform Gifts to Minors Act) accounts. Parents typically open these accounts as a convenience to accumulate birthday and holiday cash gifts that a child receives.
While the child is young, the custodian named on the account controls the assets and is charged to use the money for the benefit of the child. However, when custodianship is set to terminate, which typically occurs when the child attains an age between 18 and 25, depending on state law and the purpose for which the account was established, the legal control transfers to the child.
While many young adults would welcome a sudden inflow of cash in their own name, it is often not desirable for the child to have immediate use and control over the funds, especially if the account is sizable, as some of these accounts can be with accumulation and growth over time. In those cases, it may be wise to consider using alternative structures instead, such as a trust or an entity, like a limited liability company , to transfer the custodian account assets, as opposed to them passing to the children outright at the prescribed age.
If done properly, these alternative structures can provide some additional controls over the funds and, in some cases, a degree of creditor protection. It is important to note that these alternative strategies are heavily dependent on state law and the specific facts and circumstances of the situation. Therefore, careful consideration should be given well in advance of the child attaining the age of control. In all cases, consultation with an attorney well versed in the local state rules can be critical.
Another alternative would be to forgo the custodial account strategy altogether and use a trust structure from the get-go if the gift amount is expected to be sizable or there are individual circumstances to consider.
Funding Education and Medical Expenses
If a parent finds a child in need of help when it comes to education expenses or medical bills, a natural inclination may be to write the child a check. For high-net-worth individuals where estate tax and gift tax may be an issue, a more efficient way to help a child with these types of expenses may be to directly pay the education or medical institution. That is because any gratuitous transfer of funds is considered a gift that could be subject to a federal gift tax unless it’s either within the annual gift tax exclusion amount (currently $17,000 per recipient per year) or the lifetime gift exemption amount ($12.92 million per individual over one’s lifetime).
As such, any money given to a child, regardless of the usage, would be considered a gift and potentially be subject to gift tax. An exception to this rule is under the qualified transfer rule of Section 2503(e) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides that direct payments on behalf of another individual for tuition or medical expenses is excluded if it is paid directly to the provider. For example, if a parent were to write a check to the child, who then deposits the funds in her own account and then uses that money to pay her college tuition bill, that would not quality for this exception.
If instead the parent were to pay the child’s tuition directly to the college on behalf of the child, the tuition payment would qualify for this exception and therefore not be subject to gift tax. Further, the tuition payment would not reduce the parent’s available annual exclusion or lifetime exemption amount. This strategy allows the parent to maximize the available ways one can make a gift-tax-free wealth transfer to the next generation.
It is important to note that this only applies to tuition and excludes fees for books, supplies, dormitory fees and room and board.
Trusts
If a child is fortunate enough to be a beneficiary of a trust fund, there may be a natural inclination to make distributions of cash from the trust to assist the child financially. There may even be a desire to terminate the trust early once the child is an adult and has demonstrated an ability to handle money responsibly.
While this is certainly a common use of a trust, one ought to examine the situation more holistically before making such distribution or termination decisions.
First, cash distribution is not the only way a trust can be used to help a beneficiary. A trust may be used to purchase assets on behalf of a beneficiary. For example, if a child wishes to buy a first home, instead of making a cash distribution to the child, the trust may buy the home as the property owner, and the child, as the beneficiary of the trust, can live in that home rent-free.
This way, the home remains an asset of the trust and would be afforded the same creditor protection as other assets held in that trust. This can especially become helpful down the road if the child were to run into creditor issues or ended up getting a divorce.
Second, there could also be a tax benefit of keeping assets in a trust. If the child is successful in her own right and does not need the assets in the trust for living expenses, it may be better to let the assets stay in the trust for the duration of the child’s life. Any assets remaining in the trust held for the child’s benefit would not be includable in the child’s own estate for estate tax purposes at their death, and assuming the trust instrument provides for a longer duration, assets remaining in the trust could pass to the next generation. This of course depends on the terms of the original trust instrument.
If the trust instrument does not allow for such an extension of terms, then in certain circumstances, a modification to the trust may be possible.
This area can be complex, requiring careful legal analysis, but it’s often worth the extra work if you look at wealth from a multigenerational perspective.