The starting point when discussing prohibited transactions is Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 4975(c)(1). In an IRA context, this tax code provision disallows certain interactions between an IRA and people that are “related” to the IRA account holder. Under the code, the “related” people are called disqualified people. The term “disqualified person” is defined in Section 4975(e)(2) and includes (but is not limited to): the IRA account holder; the account holder’s spouse, lineal descendants (e.g. children, grandchildren), lineal ascendants (e.g. parents, grandparents), and spouses of those people; business entities owned 50% or more by these people, and certain business partners, directors, and employees in these businesses.
I have listed all of the subsections of 4975(c)(1) below and provided several real-world examples to demonstrate the basic intent of each rule. Keep in mind that if a prohibited transaction occurs, the tax-exempt status of the IRA is lost and the IRA’s entire value is treated as taxable to the IRA account holder (plus possible interest and penalties). Note: all of these rules apply equally regardless of whether the IRA investment is being made directly out of the IRA or out of an IRA-owned LLC structure.
IRC Section 4975(c)(1). Prohibited Transaction.
(1) General rule. For purposes of this section, the term “prohibited transaction” means any direct or indirect—
(A) sale or exchange, or leasing, of any property between a plan and a disqualified person; Example 1: The IRA purchases a piece of real estate from the IRA account holder or any other disqualified person. This sale is prohibited regardless of whether the IRA purchased the property in an otherwise “commercially reasonable” manner – i.e. a qualified appraisal justifying the purchase price is not going to help avoid the prohibited transaction.
Example 2: The IRA pays the IRA account holder’s son twenty dollars to mow the lawn on the IRA’s property. Because the son is a disqualified person, any financial exchange with him (regardless of the amount of the transaction) is prohibited. This is an example of how a very “minor” transaction can result in the complete invalidation of the IRA.
Example 3: The IRA purchases a piece of commercial real estate from an unrelated third party, but later rents a portion (or all) of the property to a business that is 50% owned by the IRA account holder. Because a business entity that is 50% or more owned by a disqualified person becomes a disqualified person itself, this transaction would be prohibited. Again, this is the case regardless of whether “fair market terms” were used when executing the lease agreement.
Example 4: The IRA owns a piece of rental real estate that requires repairs to a bathroom. The IRA hires Mark (a contractor) to make the repairs. All materials and labor expenses are paid directly out of the IRA. Mark is a “friend” of the IRA account holder and owns 15% of a completely separate legal entity that is 25% owned by the account holder and 25% by the account holder’s wife. Because the IRA account holder and his wife own 50% or more of the entity, the entity becomes disqualified. Further, because the entity is disqualified, any 10% or greater owners also are disqualified. Thus, Mark is a disqualified person.
(B) lending of money or other extension of credit between a plan and a disqualified person;
Example 5: The IRA loans money to the IRA account holder or another disqualified person. This is automatically prohibited. A loan from the disqualified person to the IRA (or IRA/LLC) would also be prohibited. Thus, IRAs do not operate under the same general rules as 401(k) plans, which often do allow loans to account holders.
Example 6: The IRA account holder wants the IRA to purchase a piece of rental real estate but the IRA does not have enough cash to support an outright purchase. The IRA account holder seeks out a bank to make a loan to the IRA (or IRA/LLC) to make up the difference. The IRA account holder is asked to “personally guarantee” the debt, which he or she does. Because signing a personal guarantee is considered by the IRS to be an “extension of credit”, a prohibited transaction has occurred. This example is particularly problematic in IRA/LLC situations because the bank involved might not realize that an IRA owns the LLC, and even if they do, the banker is probably not aware of this rule.
Example 7: The IRA account holder is listed as a “co-signer / joint-guarantor” on the IRA/LLC’s credit card and/or margin brokerage account application. Either situation results in the same problem as Example 6 above.
(C) furnishing of goods, services, or facilities between a plan and a disqualified person;
Example 8: Similar to Example 3, the IRA purchases a piece of commercial real estate from an unrelated third party. The IRA then allows the IRA account holder (or the account holder’s business) to use the property for free. This furnishing of facilities is prohibited. This transaction is also likely to be a violation under Sections (D) and (E) below.
(D) transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of, a disqualified person of the income or assets of a plan;
Example 9: The IRA purchases a piece of rental real estate on Lake Dreamy. Although the IRA rents out the property for most of the year, the IRA account holder (or another disqualified person) uses the property for one week every July. Regardless, of whether the disqualified person pays the IRA fair market value rent or stays at the property for free, this is a prohibited transaction.
Example 10: Assume the same situation as Example 9 except that the property is rented to the IRA account holder’s brother or friend. Although a brother or friend are not normally going to be considered automatic disqualified people (assuming they do not have co-ownership with the IRA account holder in another business structure), there is a potential “conflict of interest” problem here. This is not an automatic prohibited transaction, but could be scrutinized by the IRS.
(E) act by a disqualified person who is a fiduciary whereby he deals with the income or assets of a plan in his own interest or for his own account;
Assuming the disqualified person involved in the particular transaction is considered a “fiduciary” of the IRA, many of the above examples also implicate this section of the code. It could certainly be argued that an IRA account holder that is also acting as the “Manager” of an IRA-owned LLC structure would be characterized by the IRS as a “fiduciary”.
(F) receipt of any consideration for his own personal account by any disqualified person who is a fiduciary from any party dealing with the plan in connection with a transaction involving the income or assets of the plan.
Example 11: The IRA purchased a piece of real estate. The IRA account holder (or another disqualified person) is a licensed real estate agent and collects a commission on the purchase.
This is a prohibited transaction regardless of whether the commission was reasonable under the circumstances.
As you can see from the discussion above, there are many fact patterns that can cause prohibited transaction concerns. For this reason, the first thing that I advise my clients to think about when considering any IRA (or IRA/LLC) investment is whether a potential prohibited transaction exists. If so, further analysis is required.